From millions of real job salary data. 0 salary data. Average salary is Detailed starting salary, median salary, pay scale, bonus data report. The database recognizes 1,746,000 software titles and delivers updates for your software including minor upgrades. Create custom t-shirts and personalized shirts at CafePress. Use our easy online designer to add your artwork, photos, or text. Design your own t- shirt today! In finance, an exchange rate (also known as a foreign-exchange rate, forex rate, ER, FX rate or Agio) between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be. Video Effects Plugins for Adobe Premiere, Sony Vegas, Cyber. Link, Magix. Video Effects Plugins News. Pixelan Video Effects Plugin Movie of the Week. Our Most Popular Video Effects. Blur. Master Transitions NEW! Our newest transitions plugin release.. FAST hardware- accelerated, completely customizable, beautiful blur transitions of all types! Bcc 7 For Sony Vegas Cracker BarrelBcc 7 For Sony Vegas Cracker JacksLinear, spin, zoom, cross, spiral blurs and beautiful new blur combinations never before available! Details.. Blur- Sharpen Tools Plugins NEW! Three FAST hardware- accelerated Pro blur and smart sharpen plug- ins. Go far beyond the built- in effects in your system. Hundreds of presets, organic blur flows, artifact- free sharpening, & more! Details.. Press Release Save With Plugin Bundles. Buy more than one effects plugin product at once to save! Details.. Our top- selling plugin for Adobe Premiere, Sony Vegas, Cyber. Pixelan's amazing video effects plugins & transition plug-ins for Adobe Premiere Pro/ Elements, Sony Vegas Pro/ Movie Studio, After Effects, CyberLink PowerDirector. Link Power. Director, Magix systems, and After Effectsto create custom film dissolves and much more.. Give a Plugin Gift. Buy any of our video effects plugins or bundles as a gift. It will be emailed when specified, with your message!
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Store & share your files with uploaded. Learn more about our services (video)After entering your e. Mail addres and receipt of your registration you'll simultaneously receive your personal access data from us. This is always free of charge. Impro. Zero – La Nazione 2. Associazione Mosaico. Dragon Age 2 Dlc Decrypter Password CiscoKickass Torrents - Download Torrents Fast And Free, Search and discuss new and favorite TV shows & TV series, movies, music and games. Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /srv/users/serverpilot/apps/jujaitaly/public/index.php on line 447. The database recognizes 1,746,000 software titles and delivers updates for your software including minor upgrades. Tabtight professional, free when you need it, VPN service. No-registration upload of files up to 250MB. Not available in some countries. History of Irfan. View changes/versions. Version 4. 4. 2 (Release date: 2. New File menu: Save Selection as (Hotkey: CTRL + SHIFT + B). New option in Capture dialog: Show timer countdown. New option in Export Tiles dialog: Extract all pages from multipage files. New option in Fine Rotation dialog: Select ! Properties- > Misc. Option to Drag& Drop current file to other programs: SHIFT + left mouse + drag. New Print dialog option: Always use default printer at dialog start. New hotkey: CTRL + SHIFT + N = Negative image (all channels). Better support for high resolution screens (high DPI). Several Plug. Ins are changed/updated, please install the newest versionshttp: //www. Version 4. 3. 7 (Release date: 2. New options in Resample dialog: Use Resample filters for shrinking; Gamma fix. Improved GIF animations. Features from Adobe- 8. BF Plug. In (8. BF! Commander for libjpeg- turbo). New Paste options: Paste on left/right/top/bottom (Edit- > Paste Special). Properties- > Editing- > Fit clipboard image). Changes in Open/Save dialogs (Recent folders box, View mode is remembered). Menu . Paramoshin). New display option: Use Resample for zooming (Menu: View- > Display options). Version 4.42 (Release date: 2016-03-10) - New File menu: Save Selection as (Hotkey: CTRL + SHIFT + B) - New option in Capture dialog: Show timer countdown. DLsite English for adults is an on-demand download shop for X-rated doujin/indie manga and games. Indulge your secret fantasies instantly, 24/7 on PC and mobile. Kazaa Browser is a port scanner that will help you find other Kazaa users in your network segment, and download the files using MSIE or any download manager. The official FAQ of the Internet DVD newsgroups. Its primary emphasis is on video, but there is a section on data DVDs that describes each format. New fullscreen option: Use Resample for zooming (Properties- > Fullscreen). Option to save changes on exit in now also used for image/file change. New option in Batch- Scan dialog: Remember last scan counter. Previous . 1). - Support for WSQ format (Wavelet Scaler Quantization, Plug. As many of you have become increasingly aware, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Denver Regulatory Office (Corps) began requesting exploratory shovel testing in. Checklist of editions of greek, latin, demotic and coptic papyri, ostraca and tablets. In by Steven Venable). New Thumbnail option: Use full file path for sorting (if subfolders loaded). New thumbnails tree menu: Load subfolders. New hotkeys: SHIFT + arrows = Move selection rectangle. New hotkeys: SHIFT + N = Create new image; SHIFT + V = Add canvas. CTRL + SHIFT + Y = Auto crop borders; CTRL + SHIFT + J = Lossless JPG crop. SHIFT + O = Fit window to image; F1. Fullscreen/Slideshow. Several Plug. Ins are changed/updated, please install the newest versionshttp: //www. Some minor bugs/features fixed/added (scrolling). Two small 4. 2. 2 bugs fixed: Next toolbar button, PDF saving. Version 4. 2. 0. (Release date: 2. Basic Unicode support added (Properties- > Misc 1, thanks to Christophe Paris!). New zoom options; improved relative zoom (Properties- > Viewing). Thumbnails can be sorted manually using drag/drop. GIF animations can be played in fullscreen/slideshow mode. New Advanced batch options: Fine rotation, Blur, Median .. Note: this is OPTIONAL! Plug. In: http: //www. Shareware). - CTRL+T can be used for internal control- switch in the Thumbnail window. CTRL+A hotkey changed to CTRL+SHIFT+A (File- > Acquire). Multiple monitor support added (Slideshow/Fullscreen). ECW saving added to ECW Plug. In. - New options in Image- > Info dialog. Option to show a warning on ESC exit (Properties- > Misc 1). Added options for silent install and uninstall (Check help FAQs). New command option: /aspectratio; Enable aspect ratio for /resize and /resample. New command line option: /info=txtfile; Write image infos to text file. Example: i! Plug. In from: http: //www. Shareware). - Support for DWG format (Auto. CAD 1. 3 or later, preview only). Simple saturation option added (Image- > Enhance Colors and Batch mode). New options for GIF/ICO transparent saving (save dialog options). New edit menu: Create custom selection. New advanced batch option: Add overlay text. New batch scan option: Skip existing files. The selection rectangle can be moved using the right mouse button. Expanded Copy/Move dialog (more folders). Option to set JPG Comment/IPTC for multiple files (from Thumbnails window). Option to set the cut color (Properties- > Misc 3). Option to sort files in . Show TGA alpha color. Paramoshin). - Support for OGG sound format (Sound. Player Plug. In, FMOD). New options in batch scan dialog (increment, digits, scan to multipage TIF). Experimental support for digital camera RAW formats. NEF, ORF, RAF, MRW and DCR (Formats Plug. In, thanks to. - Sort option for batch dialog files. The Median filter is back (Effects Plug. In). - New fullscreen option: Stretch all images to screen (properties- > viewing). New thumbnail menu: Start batch dialog with selected thumbs. New thumbnail menu: JPG lossless transformation with selected thumbs. Improved HTML export (HTML browsing added). Added some options to Slideshow- EXE, press F1 key (Extract images). New command line option: /sharpen=value. Example: i. 1- > Close TWAIN after acquire. Show PNG alpha/transparency color. Thanks to Lura. Tech! Thanks to Grey. Mana! Choose language in . DPIs (Properties- > Others 2)- Change: ! Thank you Lura. Tech! Many many thanks to Steve Clark! Menu: File, Hotkey: T : -)- New: Extract frames from MPG/MOV files is possible- The edit field in the toolbar is now editable (set custom directory index)- Move to next/previous file with Pg. Dn/Pg. Up (if no vertical scrollbar)- New option: Display 'Save'- Dialog for 'File- > Save' (in Properties- > Others)- Some minor bugs fixed Version 2. Release date: 1. 9. The memory bug with the Filter Factory is fixed ! Thanks to Michael Johannhanwahr : -)Irfan. View's menu: 'Image- > Effects- > Filter Factory', Hotkey: KSupported are FF (*. BF) filters. You can find more than 1. Steve Fisher: http: //www. New edit option: Add text to image (into the selection)- New: Capability to extract icons from (most) 3. EXE/DLL files- Saving files as TGA (uncompressed)- New menu item: 'View- > Random file in directory', Hotkey: CTRL+M- New menu item: 'View- > No Zoom', Hotkey: CTRL+H- New advanced batch option: 'Use aspect ratio' for resize- New option: 'Use flat toolbar' in Properties- > Others- Some minor bugs fixed (animated cursors etc.). Version 2. 9. 5 (Release date: 2. Improved batch conversion ! Better results than Photoshop ; -) - New effects: Sharpen, Blur, Oil paint, Emboss, Edge detection, Median, Explosion. Support for LWF files (Lu. Ra. Wave format, Wavelet compression)(Note: Irfan. View can't save images larger than 6. LWF ! The toolbar is now available : -) - Support for MPEG/MOV files (MS Active Movie is required !) - Support for Adobe Photoshop files (*. PSD) - Support for Corel Photo. Paint 6. 0 files (*. CPT) .. Version 2. Release date: 1. 6. All Save options are now in the Save dialog - Preview support for Windows Metafiles - Preview support for AVIs (Video for Windows) - New option: 'Gamma Correction' - New: 'Best fit to desktop' is now ? You can add files to the slideshow list with: a) Drag & Drop (select one or more files ..)b) Select one or more files and press the 'ADD' buttonc) Double click on the filename. Version 2. 2. 5 (Release date: 3. New features: converting to greyscale, negative, brightness and contrast. Bugs with some BMPs are fixed (new decompression routine) - New menu item: 'Refresh directory' - > update of directory indexes (hotkey. U') - New option in 'Properties- > Multiple GIF': ! Irfan. View is the first graphic viewer. WORDWIDE with Multiple GIF support (readonly). Much. fun : ) - New menu: Convert to 2. Some WMF bugs are fixed (with old (Win 3. WMFs) - Now: ! I hope without bugs : ). Windows metafiles support (WMF=Windows Metafile and EMF=Enhanced Metafile). Command line support for AVIs (Fullscreen for AVI is not available) - Some minor bugs fixed (startbar, extensions etc.) Version 2. Release date: 2. 7. Print Support - ! Command line options: /one /fs /bf /pos=(x,y) /title=text : /one - force ! Version 2. 0. 7 (Release date: 2. AVI support (video for windows) - Jump to first/last file in the directory (CTRL+F, CTRL+L) - New option: allways fit to desktop (properties- > other options) - FINALLY: ! This part is now totally rewritten; no more lost. Files are shown in theorder how they stay in FAT, that means unsorted. Comming in next release. Amazon. com : Canon EOS Rebel T2i DSLR Camera (Body Only) (Discontinued by Manufacturer) : Camera & Photo. Style: Body Only. Stunning results come to life on a 3- inch 9. LCD monitor, providing accurate image review, Live View composition and brilliant playback of the D9. HD D- Movie mode. Featuring a class- leading 1. CMOS image sensor and increased light sensitivity for low light photography, the EOS Rebel T2i also has an advanced HD Movie mode for gorgeous Full HD movies. Able to capture up to 3. Advanced Live View, a new wide- area screen, plus features like Canon's brilliant Auto Lighting Optimizer and Highlight Tone features ensure brilliant photos and movies, easily. With some of the most advanced features of any digital SLR, it's simply the best Rebel Canon has ever created. EOS Rebel T2i Highlights. CMOS (APS- C) sensor and DIGIC 4 Image Processor. The EOS Rebel T2i has an 1. CMOS sensor that captures images with exceptional clarity and tonal range and offers more than enough resolution for big enlargements or crops. This first- class sensor features many of the same new technologies as used by professional Canon cameras to maximize each pixel's light- gathering efficiency. Its APS- C size sensor creates an effective 1. DIGIC 4 Image Processor The Canon DIGIC 4 Image Processor dramatically speeds up the entire EOS Rebel T2i's camera operations for intuitive operation and offers improvements in both fine detail and natural color reproduction. It works in concert with the EOS Rebel T2i's CMOS Image Sensor to achieve phenomenal levels of performance in nearly any situation. ISO 1. 00- 6. 40. The EOS Rebel T2i features an expanded ISO range that makes shooting possible in situations previously unthinkable without flash. With an ISO rating up to 6. ISO 1. 28. 00), along with the DIGIC 4 Image Processor's improved noise- reduction technology, creative possibilities abound. Combine the EOS Rebel T2i with one of Canon's EF or EF- S lenses with Optical Image Stabilizer and the shooting possibilities for both movies and stills expand even further. Improved EOS Movie mode with manual exposure control. Designed for the evolving, tech- savvy user, the EOS Rebel T2i features HD Video capture technologies- -manual exposure control for more creative control, for example- -borrowed directly from professional Canon SLRs to capture stellar video with all the benefits of shooting with an SLR. By shooting video with the EOS Rebel T2i, photographers as well as filmmakers can take advantage of the creative features native to SLR cameras. Along with its manual controls, the EOS Rebel T2i allows for full use of Canon EF and EF- S lenses, including Macro and Fisheye, providing a plethora of shooting options once reserved only for still photography. The resulting HD video is a standout in its beautiful depth- of- field characteristics and remarkable capture capability under poor lighting conditions. In a first for EOS cameras, a Movie Crop function is included: An SD- quality movie (6. It can capture 1. Full HD video at frame rates of 2. GB per clip. Movies are saved as MOV files and can be viewed in Full HD through the EOS Rebel T2i's HDMI output. Other recording sizes include HD at 1. SD/VGA at 6. 40 x 4. The EOS Rebel T2i has a built- in microphone for simple mono recording and stereo sound can be recorded through a self- powered external microphone. Enhanced 6. 3- zone, Dual- layer metering system, and 9- point AF system The EOS Rebel T2i features Canon's newest Dual- layer sensor, with 6. By measuring not only the amount of light, but also taking into account color and luminosity, this new system delivers a very high level of accuracy for better results every time. Since the metering sensor has a color measurement function, exposure errors and focus errors caused by different light sources are minimized; the EOS Rebel T2i gives stable exposure from shot to shot in situations where light changes, such as sports on a cloudy day, or indoor holiday scenes. Additionally, the EOS Rebel T2i has a high- precision, 9- point AF system utilizing a high- precision, f/2. The 9- point AF system uses both normal and high- precision focus depending on the aperture and available light. The 9 focus points can be chosen automatically or manually selected. Wide 3. 0- inch (3: 2 aspect ratio) Clear View LCD monitor. The EOS Rebel T2i has a high- resolution 3. Clear View LCD monitor that features 1. VGA for spectacular detail. It also has the same aspect ratio (3: 2) as the camera's sensor, making for clear and easy Live View composition. An anti- reflective and water- repellant coating provides a clearer and more smudge- resistant surface and screen brightness can be adjusted in 7 steps in accordance with ambient light. New Quick Control Screen button The EOS Rebel T2i's refined button layout includes a dedicated button that directs the camera immediately to the Quick Control screen, where it's simple to navigate among any number of settings, including ISO, Exposure and Flash Exposure compensation, drive mode, white balance, image quality and much, much more. Improved layout with dedicated Live View/Movie shooting button Without the need to navigate through a bunch of menus, the EOS Rebel T2i transitions effortlessly between still and movie mode. By pressing the Live View/Movie button, a situation that had required menu access with other cameras, still images can change to a movie shoot and vice versa. It's literally as simple as the press of a button. JPEGs or approximately 6 RAWThe EOS Rebel T2i can shoot up to 3. RAW files or approximately 3. JPEGs. Shooting at speeds of up to 1/4. EOS Rebel T2i can capture even rapidly- unfolding scenes with ease. New compatibility with SDXC memory cards. The EOS Rebel T2i is compatible with both SDXC memory cards for greater storage capacity and with Eye- Fi SD cards, which are outfitted with a Wi- Fi transmitter (IEEE 8. With an Eye- Fi card installed, the EOS Rebel T2i can display the Eye- Fi's connection status and error notes with ease, for fully functional wireless uploading of images directly from the camera.*Canon cameras are not guaranteed to support Eye- Fi card functions, including wireless transfer. In case of an issue with the Eye- Fi card, please consult with the card manufacturer. The use of Eye- Fi cards may not be available outside the United States and Canada, please contact the card manufacturer for territory availability. Compatible with the full line of Canon EF and EF- S lenses. EF Lenses The EOS Rebel T2i is compatible with all Canon lenses in the EF lineup, including compact and lightweight EF- S lenses, ranging from ultra- wide angle to super telephoto lenses. Canon lenses employ advanced optical expertise and micron- precision engineering to deliver outstanding performance and deliver beautiful results. Special technologies like the Canon Image Stabilizer technology in select lenses helps to minimize the effect of camera shake, effectively adding up to four stops of light. With a dizzying array of lenses perfect for travel, sports, still life and everything in between, photographers can truly maximize the quality and performance of their EOS Rebel T2i with superlative Canon optics. Software. Canon EOS Digital Solution Disk (Version 2. The EOS Rebel T2i comes bundled with a Canon EOS Digital Solution Disk, which features powerful software programs designed to extend the EOS experience to the computer. These include Canon's EOS Utility (Version 2. Digital Photo Professional (Version 3. Zoom. Browser EX for Windows (Version 6. Image. Browser for Macintosh OS X (Version 6. Picture Style Editor (Version 1. Movie. Edit Task (Win/Mac, Version 3. Photo. Stitch (Windows Version 3. Mac Version 3. 2. Memory Card Utility (Windows Version 1. Mac Version 1. 2. WFT Utility (Win/Mac, Version 3. Original Data Security Tools 1. Win). Each application is designed to perfect the captured images and streamline the digital workflow. Compatible Operating System. Stay connected & productive with an enterprise-grade audio conference or HD voice conference solution from Polycom. Learn about Polycom audio conferencing.Voice Collaboration Solutions - Polycom HD Audio/Voice Conferencing. Voice training. Enjoy a wide variety of training options that fit your needs. You can access courses in a. Learning, instructor- led, by video conferencing, webinars, self- paced. Our materials are designed for both end users and IT. Voice training includes experience modules that let you see and feel Polycom solutions. We offer courses on SIP, Vo. IP, and our Microsoft Voice portfolio, ranging. IT administrators. Whether you seek training on. CX phones, VVX phones, Lync Room Systems, or our installed voice products, Polycom. Back at Lync Conference 2014 Dustin Hannifin and I co-presented on the various video interoperability options available for Lync 2013. I’m specifically. Mingle with like-minded individuals, ask questions and connect with other members and Polycom employees to share ideas, tips and information on collaboration trends. As outlined in this previous article a wide array of Polycom phones are now supported directly with Skype for Business Online in Office 365. In the past dealing with. This article shows how to setup basic centralized provisioning of Polycom SIP Phones by utilizing an FTP server. Also covered as an example is how to use this server. Polycom UC Software 5.6.0. Download Polycom UC Software 5.6.0 and supporting documentation for product features and solutions. Software Downloads. So the waiting (as of writing) is almost over and the server-side bits for shiny new Lync Mobility Service (MCX) have been released! The client-side bits are. Polycom is the leader in HD video conferencing, voice conferencing & telepresence enabling open, standards-based video collaboration to over 415,000 customers globally. The Polycom CX700 IP Phone is designed specifically for use with Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007. The CX700 IP Phone is a standalone telephone that. University is ready to help. Course Catalog Polycom University. Provisioning Polycom SIP Phones. May 1. 5, 2. 01. 3 by Jeff Schertz . CX6. 00) receive all of their provisioning information and software update packages directly from a Lync server. VVX4. 00) do also receive a lot of information in- band from the Lync Server, UCS devices contain a variety of configurable parameters available outside of what the Lync Server can provide itself. UCS distributable package (e. File. Zilla, War. FTP) can be used. For this lab environment the Windows Active Directory password policy was customized to disable strong password complexity requirements as the default password does not meet the complexity of the default Windows AD password policy. FTP Service. Using the directions provided in Tech. Net to Build an FTP Site on IIS add the FTP Server role, as well as any prerequisite IIS Web Service roles in the event that IIS is not currently installed on the desired server. On the Bindings and SSL Settings page disable secure sockets layer by selecting No SSL. Plcm. Sp. Ip) in the field below, and enable both Read and Write permissions. Because the devices need to be able to upload configuration data as well as download it then both Read and Write permissions are required. FTP Directory. Now that the FTP service has been prepared the root directory needs to be populated. The package contains a number of directories and files but most of these can be ignored when dealing with Lync integration, including the directories which store sample configuration and localization files as well as the image and audio files. Plcm. Sp. Ip) to the root folder’s Access Control List and grant it Modify permissions. An additional recommendation is to create dedicated directories to store call and diagnostic logs for each phone. Edit the master configuration file (0. Notepad or an XML Text Editor of choice and enter the names of the new directories for the LOG. Notice that the APP. IPv. 4) and then select the Set Predefined Options action. UCS Boot Server Name). Configure the Server Options under the same network scope and then select option 1. UCS Boot Server Name. In the event that option 6. Microsoft DHCP server by simply configuring the pre- defined option. Using DHCP Manager configure the Server Options under an existing IPv. Boot Server Host Name. Time Server Location. Providing the location of a time server on the network is critical to operation of the phones, so if DHCP Option 4. In the Server Options for the same scope enable 0. NTP Servers and then enter the IP address of at least one host which provides network time services (e. Time Offset. Although the time server location will provide the accurate time required to perform authentication and registration processes the device will display the time in GMT by default. To calculate the correct hexadecimal value the Windows Calculator can be used in Programmer mode. The next step is to connect the phone to the network to make sure that the provisioning server is available before customizing any specific behavior on the phones. Open the file in an XML or Text viewer to view the newly defined configuration parameter in the OVERRIDES section.< ? The completed configuration file should look similar to the following example. Note that the names used in the XML tags (e. LYNC, device, registration) have no special meaning and are only provided as a way to organize groups of parameters for easy reading. After the device completes rebooting it should have picked up the new configuration options in the shared file which will trigger Lync mode then default to the displaying the Sign In menu. Using the phone’s keypad or on- screen keyboard enter the SIP Address, Active Directory Domain name, User name, and Password for the desired account. SCHERTZ) or the DNS Domain Name (e. Depending on the configuration of the Lync user’s Line URI field the Line 1 button will either show the extension, full telephone number, or Display Name of the user account. To review the current configuration status on the phone navigate to the Settings > Status > Platform > Configurationmenu to check the provisioning server status. If using the same phone which was manually registered in the previous step then reset the phone to factory defaults again by following the Factory Reset process at the end of this article. Test Registration Scenario 1. After resetting the phone view the current configuration status on the phone by navigating to the Settings > Status > Platform > Configurationmenu. The Config value will now show the names of both the shared configuration file and the device configuration file for this phone. The resulting Sign In menu should show the pre- populated user information. If using the same phone which was manually registered in the previous step then reset the phone to factory defaults again by following the Factory Reset process at the end of this article. Test Registration Scenario 2. Because the full set of credentials have been supplied in the line registration parameters then the phone should have automatically registered successfully after resetting. The main screen should show the Lync user’s phone number indicating that the registration is active. The Sound. Point IP models do not currently support PIN Authentication so the parameter to disable that feature will not be recognized, resulting in 1 error reported in the shared configuration file. Managing Firmware Updates. When new firmware versions are published for different Polycom SIP phones the associated package can be downloaded and easily added to the provisioning server’s root directory. 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You have not yet voted on this site! If you have already visited the site, please help us classify the good from the bad by voting on this site. Fungibility, Double Coincidence of Wants. Prologue. Bitcoins overview. Barter system#1: Double coincidence of wants#2: Division of Labour#3: Divisibility of Value#4: Fungibility. Bitcoin and Fungibility. Mock Questions. Prologue. Original plan was to write on Bitcoins. But for Bitcoin related MCQs, group discussion (GD) and interview questions, one must know the basics of money itself. Only then you can see how Bitcoin is better or worse than the money we use today- rupees, dollars or Euros. Hence a long series of articles. In the first few of articles (total 3), we’ll see why did people start using traditional money (Rupee, dollar), how is it better than bartering system. And how is bitcoin better or worse, on those parameters? In the second batch of articles, we’ll see evolution of money system: from commodity money, metallic coins, fiduciary money, gold backed paper currency, fiat money, bank money etc.- what were their advantages and limitations. And how is bitcoin better or worse on those parameters. And in the final articles, we’ll see what is bitcoin exactly? How does it operate? Advantages, limitations, future applications and regulatory issues etc. Bitcoins overview. Bitcoin is a digital code. He could be a man or a woman or a group of people- real identity unknown. There are two ways to get Bitcoins: #1: Mining#2: Exchange. Aluminum is hidden inside bauxite ore in earth. Similarly, Bitcoins are hidden in data “blocks” designed by Satoshi and spread across the internet. You can mine Bitcoins by solving those datablocks using special computer softwares. Reward for solving one data block=2. Total number of Bitcoins in the system =~2. Additional bitcoins cannot be created beyond that. If you don’t want to mine bitcoins, then simply find someone who has already mined bitcoins. Websites that facilitate such transactions are called “Bitcoin exchanges”. We’ll all those things in detail later on. I gave the overview right now, because for next 5- 6 articles, atleast ^this much knowledge of bitcoin topic is required before we start comparing Bitcoin system with barter system and money system. Now let’s start first article. Barter system. People have been trading with each other even before the advent of money, coin, cash, currency, rupee, dollar, euro or Yuan. They simply exchanged goods and services with each other through barter system- 1 kg rice for a 2. Barter system: advantages. Simplest form of exchange. Had all nations did foreign trade on barter system, there will be no headache of foreign exchange rates and associated problems. Today if Dollar strengthens by some action of US federal reserves (=American RBI), then it automatically becomes expensive for India to import oil from Saudi=> everything else transported through petrol/diesel becomes expensive= inflation. Less chances of overproduction, hoarding, profiteering etc. Although it’ll be wrong to say there will be no inflation in barter system- because war, famine and natural disasters can create mismatch in supply and demand even in a barter system => lead to inflation. Difficult to concentrate wealth= Less inequality of income, and all the social problems associated with it. Barter system ensures “need” based production. In money system, firms create products to create demand e. So,What are the limitations of Barter System?#1: Double coincidence of wantsfarmer. I want you to cut my hairs just Amir Khan in Dhoom. I’ll give you 5 kilos of ricebarber. But I already have 2. I don’t want rice anymore! I’ll cut hairs only if you bring 1 kilo tomatoes as payment. Another case. Mallya. My son wants to get admission in your coaching class. I can give you 5. Sir. I don’t drink at all! Although I do want new table and benches for my classroom. Mallya. But I don’t know any carpenter in this area, and even if I find one, there is no guarantee he’ll accept beer bottles as payment for making furniture! Thus, under barter system, the “wants” of two parties must coincide with each other, otherwise they cannot trade with each other. This increases the transaction cost as everyone will have to waste time and energy to find another party with double coincidence of wants. Money system solves this problem. Farmer can sell his rice for money, use that money to get a haircut, and barber can use the same payment to buy tomatoes from another farmer. Money thus facilitates the exchange of goods and services, lessens the time and effort required to carry on trade. What about Bitcoins? Bitcoin also serves the same purpose but with some caveats. Fiat money. Bitcoins. Fiat money= money issued by the government (or its central bank) example Rupee, dollar, Yen, Yuan. Bitcoins are not issued by any government. Bitcoins are unique pieces of digital codes that (some) people accept as . So a fiat money (rupee) removes the “double coincidence of wants” for the trade within country and abroad. Bitcoin removes the . Imagine how many parties with “Double coincidence of wants” you’ll need, for assembling the parts of a Large Hadron Collider or a Param Supercomputer. Money system also facilitates savings to become . So if a software professional decides to live only on . Rowling for 3. 00- 4. Harry Potter book and staples them together => still that stapled book will not sell at the original value of a brand new Harry potter book (which is say worth 3. Meaning: You cannot always divide the value. You cannot always re- unite the divided values. Other scenarios: Jeweler wants a matchstick box. But it’s not possible to divide gold to such a micro- micro- micro quantity where gold becomes proportional to the value of a matchbox. Mallya wants to buy a pencil box for his son, offers 1 table- spoon of liquor for 1 pencil box but stationary- walla will not accept because such low quantity of alcohol cannot give the kick. To pay for a cup of tea, Picasso cannot cutout 1 mm. Fiat Money system (and Bitcoins) don’t suffer from this problem of . Same thing is not possible with rupee or dollars because of the chillar shortage in real life.#4: Fungibility. Even if items are divisible, their fungibility is a problem under barter system. Fungible items = those items whose individual units have same uniform value and mutually exchangeable, inter- changeable. For example: The . Because in the last pages you get the climax so they’re more precious= not fungible. Value of one diamond of 1. In this case, bigger the size, more precious. Even those 1. 0 carat diamonds are not mutually interchangeable because their individual value may vary depending on cut,color and clarity.= not fungible. If Picasso’s painting was cut into nine equal square parts, then Central Square will be more precious than others. So you cannot interchange them. And if you glue these torn parts together= its total value will be far less than the original painting=not fungible. Exception: Precious metal. Value of 1 kilo gold bar= Value of 1. You can melt to reunite them, you can melt again to divide them. And those 1. 00 gold coins will be interchangeable because their individual value will be same.= fungible. But by and large, goods are not fungible and this creates obstacle in barter trade, when two commodities are not available in their standard weight/size. For example, Suppose the ongoing barter rate is 5 kilo salt = one live hen weighing 5. A poultry farm owner wants to buy 2. He gives the whole live hen to shopkeeper. Common sense suggest that shopkeeper should give 2. But which ? In non- veg cooking, the legs of chicken are considered more valuable than its head and neck upper part. Money system solves this via “fungibility”. Rs. 1. 00. 0 note= can be exchanged for 2. Rs. 5. 0 each. And each of those 5. A 5. 0 rupee note in your pocket will buy as many ballpens, as the 5. And if you cut a ten rupee note into ten parts using a scissors, it’ll not become ten 1. Rs. Items priced @Rs. BTC in Raja’s Digital wallet will buy same amount of goods & services as 1 BTC from Kalmadi’s digital wallet. BTC)= 1 bitcoin (BTC). UPI (Unified Payment Interface) - 1. Questions Answered! India moved a step closer towards becoming a cashless economy with the launch of Unified Payment Interface (UPI). With this new payment method, your smartphones will soon double up as virtual debit cards and you’ll be able to send or receive money instantly. Along with Bharat QR code, it can help you get rid of your wallet all together.“For a number of years, we have been saying we need a revolution in banking in India. I think we can confidently say the revolution is upon us. What we have in India is the most sophisticated public payments infrastructure in the world,” Rajan said at the launch of the UPI. Ever since its launched in Jan 2. What is UPI, How does UPI work, How would it change the way I handle payments in business, etc. In this article, we are trying to explain this new payment method in detail by answering top 1. So, What Is UPI? The Unified Payment Interface (UPI) can be thought of like an email ID for your money. It will be an unique identifier that your bank uses to transfer money and make payments using the IMPS (Immediate Payments Service). IMPS is faster than NEFT and lets you transfer money immediately and unlike NEFT, it works 2. This means that the online payments will become much easier without requiring a digital wallet or credit or debit card. Who is behind UPI? Unified Payment Interface is an initiative by National Payments Corporation of India’s (NPCI), set up with the support of the Reserve Bank of India and Indian Banks Association (IBA). The NCPI operates the Rupay payments infrastructure that – like Visa and Master. Card – allows different banks to interconnect and transfer funds. IMPS (Immediate Payments Service) is also an initiative of NCPI. UPI is the advanced version of IMPS. How Does UPI Work? Currently, if you want to make a bank payment online, you have to enter their account number, account type, Bank name and IFSC code. Even if you have all these details, typing it all in, particularly on a phone, is a painful process. Most banks take upto 1. The idea behind the UPI is to do away with all of this. The interface will allow account holders across banks to send and receive money from their smartphones using just their Aadhaar unique identity number, mobile phone number or virtual payments address without entering bank account details. According to NPCI, so far only 2. If your bank is UPI- enabled, you can ask it to connect you to the system. To initiate a transaction, you can use two types of address—global or local. Global address includes your mobile, Aadhaar and bank account numbers. A local address can be a virtual address. Let’s say your bank gives you a virtual ID similar to your email ID (for instance, name@companyname). This virtual address will allow you to send and receive money from multiple banks and prepaid payment issuers. So, you will no longer need to use a particular app to send and receive money. For example, if you use a taxi service, at the end of the journey you just have to give your virtual address and the driver will request money from it. You will get a message on your mobile phone asking for authentication. Once you authenticate the transaction by entering your password, it will be complete. This process doesn’t require either the driver or you to share bank details. Since UPI runs on IMPS, the service will be available real time and 2. X7. Nandan Nilekani, man behind Aadhar and now an advisor to NPCI, said: “UPI is a layer we have put on IMPS. It (IMPS) didn’t really have the easy debit capability and that has been addressed by this platform. We think with UPI coming, it is going to be an important merchant platform. Once it is adopted by all banks, money can be transferred from a bank to any other bank using a mobile phone”. What I can do with UPI? UPI will simplify your online payments. Now, we have to use NEFT, IMPS or a digital wallet such as Mobi. Kwik or Paytm to make a quick payment to the service providers. With the UPI, you simply need to enter your details, and get a billing request on your phone – which you can accept or reject right away. Taxi aggregators like Uber and Ola, food ordering services like Zomato and Food Panda, online grocery shops like Big Basket will be able to take advantage of the UPI system. Going forward, such companies should be able to register its identifier on the UPI system and receive funds from a customer’s bank account through the UPI. Most of the similar tech companies are now banking on mobile wallets. Apart from this, you can send money to your family and friends instantly. What will happen to mobile wallets? This is a burning question asked by most of the industry watchers every since UPI was launched. Mobile wallet companies were worried and there is a reason for that. The RBI has allowed only banks to become Payment Service Providers of UPI service, keeping mobile wallets out of the service. So, UPI has come as a boon for banks which were loosing ground to mobile wallets like Pay. TM, Freecharge, Mobikwik, Oxigen and Citrus Pay. Though mobile wallets have been urging the banking regulator to include them as service providers, it has not relented so far. I think popular mobile wallets like Pay. TM that have good customer base can still keep using it for quick recharges and movie tickets. Cashback offers can keep them hooked to the platform little longer. Check out some reactions from the majoj wallet companies: “The Unified Payments Interface augurs well for us. Mobi. Kwik already has millions of users paying their bills using the wallet,” says Bipin Preet Singh, Founder and CEO Mobi. Kwik. With the Unified Payments Interface in place, our expectation is that we would unlock a new channel for growth since the universe and reach would enlarge.”Govind Rajan, COO Free. Charge, said “We don’t want people to keep money in the wallet, we want them to use us as a processor,” he says. We’re not competing with other wallets or digital systems – right now, the challenge is to take on cash.”Naveen Surya, Chairman, Payment Council of India & MD, Itz. Cash, said “We are very excited and thrilled with the possibilities of envisioning a simplified and frictionless payments infrastructure with the launch of UPI. All our non- bank members await directions from RBI and NPCI to get ready access and we can surely deliver high digital payments growth as in case of IMPS transactions.”One thing is sure that unless these wallet companies come up with an innovative way to stay relevant, its going to be an uphill task for them to survive. What about Payment Gateways? So, we have CCAvenue, EBS, Instamojo and various other payment gateways in India. Question is, what will happen to these payment gateways once UPI is in full force. Job of these payment gateways is to aggregate various payment methods like Credit cards, debit cards, mobile wallets and netbanking. So, the UPI might become the new net- banking, by replacing it as a payment mode. IThese payment gateways also offer detailed information on received payment (who paid & for what), apart from providing transaction management, reconciliation, insights etc. They also offer customisation at every level (payment options, payment page, etc) which is beyond a simple push- n- pull movement of money via UPI. Most importantly, Payment Gateways act like a trust custodian — one who provides protection against any dispute between merchant & consumer. This is completely missing in UPI today but it will be there as the platform matures. How secure is UPI? Nilekani said the security is fool- proof as the transaction will happen in a highly encrypted format. Already NPCI’s IMPS network handles more than Rs. Factor authentication – similar to OTP will be there as its mandated by RBI. In this case, MPIN instead of OTP will be used. Is UPI available now for me to use? It was announced in Jan 2. Batty Hairclip Tutorial . Halloween Shirt for Boys. 11 Fun Halloween Fonts. Joy's Life.com Cricut ® Cartridge Checklist You can also track your cartridges on your Android phone or tablet. Check out the "My Cartridge Checklist" app on Google. Free Svg files for sure cuts a lot Quick Links; Home; Most Popular SVGs; Specials; What's New; All Products. Information. Using Silhouette Studio Software on IPAD. Did you know you can use the Silhouette Studio software on your IPAD? Cre. 8ive Cutz - SVG and MTC Cutting Files and Projects for Electronic Cutting Machines: A Tractor for Father's Day. My dad is a farmer and loves his John Deere tractors, so I decided to make him a card with a John Deere tractor on it. MTC and SVG files are included in the free download. Honda service manuals for download, free! 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If you need help paying bills or debts, find assistance programs. Get help with paying bills, including utility, credit cards, mortgage, medical, taxes, heating and. A calculation used to determine how large of a mortgage payment you can afford based on your gross monthly income. Get help and information on foreclosure assistance programs. Government programs, non-profits and counselors can provide mortgage assistance. Debt to Income Ratio Calculator. Factoring your debt- to- income ratio is a critical step to qualifying for any mortgage program. This debt- to- income ratio calculator is designed to help you understand what you need to do in order to qualify and close on a mortgage loan. Today, the debt ratio requirements for an FHA loan are 2. Conventional loan debt ratios are 2. Front- end exceptions are made based upon back- end debt, in addition to credit quality for both- front and back- end. Definitions: Front- End Ratio - This is your proposed monthly PITI mortgage payment (Principal, Interest, Property Tax, and Insurance). Providers of CareOne Debt Relief Services® have helped over 5 million people. Learn more about our options for debt consolidation without a loan. The Seattle Office of Housing, an executive office of the Mayor, builds strong healthy communities and increases opportunities for people of all income levels to live. PRIVATE EQUITY LENDING. No credit check. No Income Verification. No Financials Needed. Loan is based on Equity in Investment Property. Interest Only Payments up to 5. Back- End Ratio - This is the combined monthly payments for your proposed mortgage, installment loans, revolving credit card payments, child support, alimony, auto loans, student loans, and tax repayment plans. Also, it includes any repayment plans for collections & judgments. If you have less than 9 months of payments before they are paid off on any of the above, they are not considered to be apart of your back- end debt ratio. What is NOT Factored - Do not include these debts as part of your ratio calculations: car insurance payments, health insurance payments, home phone bills, electric bills, gas bills, and other miscellaneous bills not reflected on your credit report. Have questions? Use our quick quote to get a fast quote. Debt- to- Income Ratio Calculator for Mortgage Approval: DTI Calculator Use this to figure your debt to income ratio. A debt ratio greater than or equal to 4. The number one rule of personal finance is to earn more money than you spend. When you apply for a major loan, the lender won't see how often you stay late at the office to help out the boss, what a great asset you are to your company, or how skilled you are in your chosen field. What your lender will see when he looks at you is a financial risk and a potential liability to his business. He sees how much you earn and how much you owe, and he will boil it down to a number called your debt- to- income ratio. If you know this number before you apply for a car loan or mortgage, you're already ahead of the game. Knowing where you stand financially and how you're viewed by bankers and other lenders lets you prepare yourself for the negotiations to come. Use our convenient calculator to figure your ratio. This information can help you decide how much money you can afford to borrow for a house or a new car, and it will assist you with figuring out a suitable cash amount for your down payment. How To Calculate Your Debt- To- Income Ratio (DTI)It's as simple as taking the total sum of all your monthly debt payments and dividing that figure by your total monthly income. Firstly, though, you must make sure to include all of your obligations: Mortgage payment. Car payment. Credit card payment. Student loans/personal loans. Child support/alimony payments. Other obligations and subscriptions. And remember to include taxes, insurance, and private mortgage insurance in this figure. Also, use the minimum payment when calculating credit cards. The sum of the above is your monthly obligation. How To Calculate Your Income. Next, calculate your monthly income. Start with your salary and add any additional returns you receive from investments or a side business, for example. If you receive a year- end bonus or quarterly commissions at work, be sure to add them up and divide by 1. To determine your DTI ratio, simply take your total debt figure and divide it by your income. For instance, if your debt costs $2,0. DTI is $2,0. 00 . After all, the less you owe relative to your income, the more money you have to apply toward other endeavors (or emergencies). It also means that you have some breathing room, and lenders hate to service consumers who are living on a tight budget and struggling to stay afloat. But your DTI is also a crucial factor in figuring out how much house you can truly afford. When lenders evaluate your situation, they look at both the front ratio and the back ratio. Front end ratio is a DTI calculation that includes all housing costs (mortgage or rent, private mortgage insurance, HOA fees, etc.) As a rule of thumb, lenders are looking for a front ratio of 3. Back end ratio looks at your non- mortgage debt percentage, and it should be less than 2. Should You Worry About Your DTI? No. Instead of worrying about your debt- to- income ratio, you should work towards lowering the number to a more favorable percentage. The DTI is an important tool for lending institutions, but it is only one of the many barometers they use to gauge how safe it would be to lend you money. However, when it comes to buying a home, your DTI sits front and center on the negotiation table. You will certainly incur higher interest rates with a high (anything more than 4. DTI, and you may be required to slap down a heftier down payment. Seasoned lenders know that a ratio above 4. Lenders will assume that any additional loan you take on might be the last straw. Can you lower your DTI? Lowering your ratio is almost as easy as calculating it. Then again, it will take you a lot longer. Fortunately, it's easier and quicker than improving your credit score, but it does require a major shift in your way of thinking. Can you reduce your DTI to zero? Maybe or maybe not, but that’s still a goal worth setting. Use the following tips to put your best foot forward for lenders. How To Improve Your DTIWe'd like to tell you to just spend less and save more, but you've probably heard that before. It might be different, though, if you could see your progress in tangible terms, and your DTI can do just that. If you calculate the ratio yearly (or quarterly), you will hopefully see the percentage drop steadily. If you conscientiously work your total debt downward, your DTI ratio will reflect that, both to you and to potential lenders. Increase Your Income. The first part of your two- pronged plan of action is to increase your income. For starters, you could ask for a raise in salary or you could work more overtime. Racking up overtime hours is an excellent way to lower your DTI because it provides an instant boost to your plus column. Taking a part- time job to supplement your normal salary is an even better way to increase your income, and the prospect of finding a part- time position in your field is excellent. Many people find that turning a hobby into a part- time job is like hardly working at all. There are countless opportunities to be found online. For example, there are tutoring jobs in every subject and legitimate, work- from- home writing jobs. You can easily find a second job with flexible hours. Become a dog walker, consultant, or whatever else you would enjoy doing to supplement your ordinary wages. Pay Off Your Debt. Work tirelessly at paying down your bills, loans, and other obligations. Reducing your debt quickly is an act of attrition. Explore consolidation as a way to simplify and reduce your payments. We offer a free debt consolidation calculator. Keep Plugging Away! Congratulations, you've taken the first step to financial freedom by using this calculator, but don't forget to check back periodically to run the numbers again. Here's a word of caution, though: while you're whittling away at your debt, your DTI ratio will skyrocket like a roman candle. This is because you're devoting a larger percentage of your total income to your obligations - and that’s a good thing. But once they are paid off, your ratio will plummet to zero. This means that you won’t have to spend a single penny on debt or interest – and, oh, what a glorious feeling that will be! Description: This course outlines the steps that need to be taken to implement and manage a culture of innovation. Structured around a four-part framework developed. Knowledge Economy Gateway. This page provides a guide to the best sites on knowledge economy and knowledge management. ENTERWeb is an annotated meta-index and. Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method". However, innovation is often also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new. Understanding the link between the drivers of knowledge management systems and business strategy is important for policy planning and execution. This empirical. Supply Chain Asia - Supply Chain Asia. Supply Chain Week 2. September 2. 01. 7. Disruptive innovation - Wikipedia. Types of Innovation. It may be either: Evolutionary. An innovation that improves a product in an existing market in ways that customers are expecting (e. Revolutionary (discontinuous, radical)An innovation that is unexpected, but nevertheless does not affect existing markets (e. Disruptive. An innovation that creates a new market by providing a different set of values, which ultimately (and unexpectedly) overtakes an existing market (e. Ford Model T, which displaced horse- drawn carriages)Disruptive innovation is a term in the field of business administration which refers to an innovation that creates a new market and value network and eventually disrupts an existing market and value network, displacing established market leading firms, products, and alliances. The term was defined and first analyzed by the American scholar Clayton M. Christensen and his collaborators beginning in 1. For example, the first automobiles in the late 1. The market for transportation essentially remained intact until the debut of the lower- priced Ford Model T in 1. The mass- produced automobile was a disruptive innovation, because it changed the transportation market, whereas the first thirty years of automobiles did not. Disruptive innovations tend to be produced by outsiders and entrepreneurs, rather than existing market- leading companies. The business environment of market leaders does not allow them to pursue disruptive innovations when they first arise, because they are not profitable enough at first and because their development can take scarce resources away from sustaining innovations (which are needed to compete against current competition). Christensen and introduced in his 1. Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave. The article is aimed at management executives who make the funding or purchasing decisions in companies, rather than the research community. He describes the term further in his book The Innovator's Dilemma. In his sequel with Michael E. Raynor, The Innovator's Solution. However, Christensen's evolution from a technological focus to a business- modelling focus is central to understanding the evolution of business at the market or industry level. Christensen and Mark W. Johnson, who cofounded the management consulting firm Innosight, described the dynamics of . O'Ryan, whereby the use of current off- the- shelf technology was integrated with newer innovation to create what he called . The process or technology change as a whole had to be . Rather, they are often novel combinations of existing off- the- shelf components, applied cleverly to a small, fledgling value network. The current theoretical understanding of disruptive innovation is different from what might be expected by default, an idea that Clayton M. Christensen called the . This is the simplistic idea that an established firm fails because it doesn't . In this hypothesis, firms are like climbers scrambling upward on crumbling footing, where it takes constant upward- climbing effort just to stay still, and any break from the effort (such as complacency born of profitability) causes a rapid downhill slide. Christensen and colleagues have shown that this simplistic hypothesis is wrong; it doesn't model reality. What they have shown is that good firms are usually aware of the innovations, but their business environment does not allow them to pursue them when they first arise, because they are not profitable enough at first and because their development can take scarce resources away from that of sustaining innovations (which are needed to compete against current competition). In Christensen's terms, a firm's existing value networks place insufficient value on the disruptive innovation to allow its pursuit by that firm. Meanwhile, start- up firms inhabit different value networks, at least until the day that their disruptive innovation is able to invade the older value network. At that time, the established firm in that network can at best only fend off the market share attack with a me- too entry, for which survival (not thriving) is the only reward. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream. These companies tend to ignore the markets most susceptible to disruptive innovations, because the markets have very tight profit margins and are too small to provide a good growth rate to an established (sizable) firm. Thus, disruptive technology provides an example of an instance when the common business- world advice to . Therefore, at some point the performance of the product overshoots the needs of certain customer segments. At this point, a disruptive technology may enter the market and provide a product that has lower performance than the incumbent but that exceeds the requirements of certain segments, thereby gaining a foothold in the market. In low- end disruption, the disruptor is focused initially on serving the least profitable customer, who is happy with a good enough product. This type of customer is not willing to pay premium for enhancements in product functionality. Once the disruptor has gained a foothold in this customer segment, it seeks to improve its profit margin. To get higher profit margins, the disruptor needs to enter the segment where the customer is willing to pay a little more for higher quality. To ensure this quality in its product, the disruptor needs to innovate. The incumbent will not do much to retain its share in a not- so- profitable segment, and will move up- market and focus on its more attractive customers. After a number of such encounters, the incumbent is squeezed into smaller markets than it was previously serving. And then, finally, the disruptive technology meets the demands of the most profitable segment and drives the established company out of the market. Steel, and Bucyrus). The answer, according to Zeleny, is the support network of high technology. Such disruption is fully expected and therefore effectively resisted by support net owners. In the long run, high (disruptive) technology bypasses, upgrades, or replaces the outdated support network. Technology, being a form of social relationship. No technology remains fixed. Technology starts, develops, persists, mutates, stagnates, and declines, just like living organisms. A new high- technology core emerges and challenges existing technology support nets (TSNs), which are thus forced to coevolve with it. New versions of the core are designed and fitted into an increasingly appropriate TSN, with smaller and smaller high- technology effects. High technology becomes regular technology, with more efficient versions fitting the same support net. Finally, even the efficiency gains diminish, emphasis shifts to product tertiary attributes (appearance, style), and technology becomes TSN- preserving appropriate technology. This technological equilibrium state becomes established and fixated, resisting being interrupted by a technological mutation; then new high technology appears and the cycle is repeated. Regarding this evolving process of technology, Christensen said. They do, however, have two important characteristics: First, they typically present a different package of performance attributes—ones that, at least at the outset, are not valued by existing customers. Second, the performance attributes that existing customers do value improve at such a rapid rate that the new technology can later invade those established markets. As a result, the new technology tends to get ignored in favor of what’s currently popular with the best customers. But then another company steps in to bring the innovation to a new market. Once the disruptive technology becomes established there, smaller- scale innovation rapidly raise the technology’s performance on attributes that mainstream customers’ value. |
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